事实上，罗贯中在《三国演义》中把曹操塑造成了一个“治世之能臣，乱世之奸雄”。

“曹操大宴铜雀台”，说：“诸公佳作，过誉甚矣。孤本愚陋，始举孝廉。后值天下大乱，筑精舍于谯东五十里，欲春夏读书，秋冬射猎，以待天下清平，方出仕耳。不意朝廷徵孤为典军校尉，逐更其意，专欲为国家讨贼立功，图死后得题墓道曰：‘汉故征西将军曹侯之墓’，平生愿足矣。念自讨董卓、剿黄巾以来，除袁术、破吕布、灭袁绍、定刘表，遂平天下。身为宰相，人臣之贵已极，又复何望哉？如国家无孤一人，正不知几人称帝，几人称王。或见孤权重，妄相忖度，疑孤有异心，此大谬也。孤常念孔子称文王之至德，此言耿耿在心。但欲孤委捐兵众，归就所封武平侯之国，实不可耳：诚恐一解兵柄，为人所害；孤败则国家倾危；是以不得慕虚名而处实祸也。诸公必无知孤意者。”（第五十六回）这听来像是真话。但我们如何能知道这是不是曹操的真心话呢？咱们去读一读第七十八回吧！“却说曹操自杀华佗之后，病势愈重，又忧吴、蜀之事。正虑间，近臣忽奏东吴遣使上书。操取书拆视之，略曰：‘臣孙权久知天命已归于王上，伏望早正大位，遣将剿灭刘备，扫平两川，臣即率群下纳士归降矣。’操观毕大笑，出示群臣曰：‘是儿欲使吾居炉火上耶！’侍中陈群等奏曰：‘汉室久已衰微，殿下功德巍巍，生灵仰望。今孙权称臣归命，此天人之应，异气齐声。殿下宜应天顺人，早正大位。’操笑曰：‘吾事汉多年，虽有功德及民，然位至于王，名爵已极，何敢更有他望？苟天命在孤，孤为周文王矣。’……操病势转加……操召曹洪、陈群、贾诩、司马懿等，同至卧榻前，嘱以后事。操曰：‘孤纵横天下三十余年，群雄皆灭，止有江东孙权，西蜀刘备，未曾剿除。孤今病危，不能再与卿等相叙，特以家事相托……惟长子曹丕，笃厚恭谨，可继我业。卿等宜辅佐之。’嘱毕，长叹一声，泪如雨下。

须臾，气绝而死。寿六十六岁。”曹操的一生证明他没有篡夺王位。我们没有理由怀疑上述引用他所说的话不是真心的，但他确实是“功首罪魁非两人，遗臭流芳本一身”。

infac，luoguanzhonghasporrayedcaocaoas“anablesaesmaninaimeofpeaceorareacherousvilininaimeofchaos”“caocaofeassabronzebirdower”，saying：“genlemen，yourpraisegoesbeyondhemeasureiambuacrudeandsimplemanwhobeganhisofficialcareerbybeingciedforfilialdevoionandinegriyeron，becauseofhedisorderinherealm，ibuilarereafifylieasofhefiefaqiao，whereiwishedodevoemyselforeadinginspringandsummerandhuninginauumnandwinerunilranquiliyreurnedoheworldandicouldenerpubliclifebeyondallmyexpecaionshecourassignedmeoserveascommandanformiliarysandards，andsoiforsookmylifeasarecluseanddedicaedmyselfoachievingdisincionbypunishingherebelsinheemperor’sbehalfifaferidiemyombsonereads‘hereliesheelordcao，hangeneralwhoconquershewes，’mylifelongambiionwillhavebeenfulfilledleiberememberedhasincebringingdongzhuoojusiceandrooingouheyellowscarves，wehaveeliminaedyuanshu，defeaedlubu，wipedouyuanshao，andwonoverliubiaohuspeacehasbeenresoredinherealmihavebecomeheemperor’shighesservan，hechiefsewardofhisrealmwhagreaerambiioncouldihave？ifnoforme，whoknowshowmanywouldhavedecredhemselvesemperor，orprinceofaregion？herearehosewhohavedrawnunwarranedconclusionsconcerningmypower，suspecingmeofimperialambiionshisispreposerousiremainconsanlymindfulofconfucius’admiraionforkingwen’s‘ulimaevirue’hiswordsburnbrighinmyhearilongonlyorelinquishmyarmiesandreurnomyfiefaslordofwupingbupracicallyspeakingica

o；foronceirelinquishpower，imighbemurdered—andhawouldimperilhehouseofhanica

oexposemyselforealdangersforhesakeofrepuaionsoiseems，genlemen，hanooneofyouundersandsmyhinking”(chaper56)hissoundsruehowcanweknowheyarecaocao’ssincerewords？le’sreadchaper78！“caocao’scondiionworsenedaferhehadkilledhuauo，andhewasdepressedoverhisproblemswihhesouhndandhewopinasheponderedhesiuaion，anaendanbroughaleerfromsunquancaocaoopenediandsudiedheconens：‘yoursubjec，sunquan，recognizinghahemandaeofheavenhascomeoyourhighness，humblyanicipaesyourearlyascensionoheimperialhroneifyouwoulddispachyourgeneralsodesroyliubei，iwillforhwihleadmysubordinaesinenderingourndsinloyalsubmission’caocaoughedaloudandshowedhenoeohiscouriers‘hebasardwansoroasmeonhefire！’hesaidbuagrouparoundchenqunpeiionedhim：‘hehouseofhanhaslongbeendeclining，whileyourmajesy’smerisandviruesmouneverhigheralllivingsoulslookupoyounowsunquandecreshisallegiance—ahumanreflecionofhedivine，differenorderswihcorrespondingsignsyoushouldrespondoheavenandaccordwihmen，yourmajesy，andquicklyassumehedynasichrone’caocaosmiledandsaid，‘manyyearshaveiservedhehan，andperhapssomemeriorvirueofminehasbenefiedhepeoplewheniwasraisedohesausofkingofwei，mynameandposiionreachedheirpeakwhafurherdareidreamof？buifsomehowhemandaeofheavenshouldcomeoreswihme，iwouldremainloyalohedynasynoheless，likekingwenofhezhou’

caocao’scondiionworsenedcaocaocalledforcaohong，chenqun，jiaxu，andsimayi；whenheywereahisbedside，heinsrucedhemonhemaerofhesuccession‘ihavemadeconquesshelenghandbreadhofherealmhesehiryyears，andallma

erofheroeshaveeliminaedhereremainbusunquanofhesouhndandliubeiofhewessichuanoberemovedbuiwillnobeableoremainamongyou，andishallhaveoenrusmyhouseoyouonlyheeldes，pi，isreliable，generous，respecfuloohers，andscrupulousinwordanddeed—fi，herefore，osucceedomyesaeihopeyouwillgivehimallsupporandassisance’shorlyaferward，wihalongsighandcopiousearscaocaopassedawayaheageofsixysix”caocao’swholelifeproveshahehasnousurpedhehronewehavenoreasonosuspecwhaisquoedaboveisnocaocao’ssincerewordsbuheisreallyof“highmeriandgreaevil—fromasinglehand，fairhonorswihfoulescrimesconjoined”

曹丕：曹操长子，“字子桓，时年十八岁……丕八岁能属文，有逸才，博古通今，善骑射，好击剑。时操破冀州，丕随父在军中，先领随身军，径投袁绍家，下马拔剑而入。有一将当之曰：‘丞相有命，诸人不许入绍府。’丕叱退，提剑入后堂。”（第三十二回）“曹丕见二妇人啼哭，拔剑欲斩之。忽见红光满目，遂按剑而问曰：‘汝何人也？’一妇人告曰：‘妾乃袁将军之妻刘氏也。’丕曰：‘此女何人？’刘氏曰：‘此次男袁熙之妻甄氏也。’丕拖此女近前，见披发垢面。丕以衫袖拭其面而观之，见甄氏玉肌花貌，有倾国之色。遂对刘氏曰：‘吾乃曹丞相之子也。愿保汝家。汝勿忧虑。’遂按剑坐于堂上……操至绍府门下，问曰：‘谁曾入此门来？’守将对曰：‘世子在内。’操唤出责之。刘氏出拜曰：‘非世子不能保全妾家，愿献甄氏为世子执箕帚。’操教唤出甄氏拜于前。操视之曰：

‘真吾儿妇也！’遂令曹丕纳之。”（第三十三回）

caopi：caocao’seldesson，“pi(zihuan)，wasnoweigheenaheageofeighcaopicouldwrielierarycomposiionshashowedousandingalenhewasknowledgeableabouhingsancienandmodern，excelledinhorsemanshipandmarksmanship，andwasfondofswordfighinginheconqueredciyofji，caopiapproachedheresidenceofyuanshaowihafewguardsacommanderposedahebuildingwarnedhimhaheprimeminiserhadba

edenry，bucaopibrushedpasandweninoheprivaechamberswearingasword”(chaper32)“ascaopibaredhisswordbeforehesobbingwomen，aredlighfshedbeforehiseyespuinguphisweapon，heasked，‘whoareyou？’oneofhemreplied，‘iamdyliu，wifeofheegeneralyuanshao’‘andher？’caopisaid‘dyzhen，’washereply，‘hewifeofyuanxi，generalyuanshao’ssecondsoncaopidrewdyzhenowardhim，lifedherdisheveledhair，andwipedhersoiledfacewihhissleevewihafacefairasjade，herskinflowerfresh，shewasabeauywhosegncecouldopplekingdomscaopisaidoher，‘ashesonofprimeminisercaocao，ishallproecyourfamilyseyourmindaease’sosaying，heposedhimselfinsidehechamber，hishandonhisswordcaocaorodefirsoheresidenceofyuanshaoandaskedheguard，‘hasanyoneenered？’‘heyoungmaseriswihin，’washereplycaocaoscoldedcaopiforvioinghisban，budyliubowedandappealedoheprimeminiser，‘ifnoforyourson，ourfamilywouldhaveperished

allowmeoofferdyzhenoserveinhishousehold’caocaosummonedhewoman，whoprosraedherselfcaocaolookedaherandsaid，‘heperfecwifeformyson！’andgavecaopipermissionoakedyzhenashiswife(chaper33)

长子曹丕，恐不得立，乃问计于中大夫贾诩。诩教如此如此。自是但凡操出征，诸子送行，曹植乃称述功德，发言成章；惟曹丕辞父，只是流涕而拜，左右皆感伤。于是操疑植乖巧，诚心不及丕也。丕又使人买嘱近侍，皆言丕之德。操欲立后嗣，踌躇不定，乃问贾诩曰：“孤欲立后嗣，当立谁？”贾诩不答，操问其故。诩曰：“正有所思，故不能即答耳。”操曰：“何所思？”诩对曰：“思袁本初、刘景升父子也。”操大笑，遂立长子曹丕为王世子。（第六十八回）

“heeldesson，pi，whohadbeendiscouraged，askedimperialmenorjiaxuforapnoimprovehisprospecsjiaxugavehimcerainadvicefromhadayforward，whenevercaocaowenonacampaignandhissonssawhimoff，caozhiwouldcelebraehisachievemensandhisvirueinlongrhapsodiescaopialonewouldbidhisfahergoodbye，prosraeandweepingcaocao’saendansweredeeplymovedbyhis，andsooncaocaobeganocomparehisfavorie，zhi，ohissonpiandosuspeczhiofcu

ingandinsinceriycaopireinforcedhisfaher’sinclinaionbybribingcao’scloseaendansosingpi’spraisesasaresul，caobecameornoverwhomonameasheirheookhemaerojiaxu‘iwanoesablishmysuccessor，’hesaid‘whoshouldibe？’jiaxudidnoanswercaocaoaskedwhy‘iamhinking，’repliedjiaxu‘ica

oanswerrighaway’‘whaareyouhinking？”caoasked‘iamhinkingofyuanshaoandliubiaoandofheirsons，”saidxucaocaoughedandsubsequenlynamedcaopi，hiseldesson，heirapparen”(chaper68)

曹丕闻知父丧，放声痛哭，率大小官员出城十里，伏道迎榇入城，停于偏殿。中庶子司马孚曰：“魏王既薨，天下震动；当早立嗣王，以安众心。何但哭泣耶？”群臣曰：“世子宜嗣位；但未得天子诏命，岂可造次而行？”兵部尚书陈矫曰：“王薨于外，爱子私立，彼此生变，则社稷危矣。”遂拔剑割下袍袖，厉声曰：“即今日便请世子嗣位。众官有异议者，以此袍为例！”百官悚惧。忽报华歆自许昌飞马而至，众皆大惊。歆曰：“吾已于汉帝处索得诏命在此。”众皆踊跃称贺。原来华歆谄事魏，故草此诏，威逼献帝降之；帝只得听从，故下诏即封曹丕为魏王、丞相、冀州牧。丕即日登位，受大小官僚拜舞起居。正宴会庆贺间，忽报鄢陵侯曹彰，自长安领十万大军来到。丕大惊、遂问群臣曰：“黄须小弟，平日性刚，深通武艺。今提兵远来，必与孤争王位也。如之奈何？”忽阶下一人应声出曰：“臣请往见鄢陵侯，以片言折之。”（第七十八回）众视其人，乃谏议大夫贾逵也。曹丕大喜，即命贾逵前往。逵领命出城，迎见曹彰。彰问曰：“先王玺绶安在？”逵正色而言曰：“家有长子，国有储君。先王玺绶，非君侯之所宜问也。”……“君侯此来，欲奔丧耶？欲争位耶？”彰曰：“吾来奔丧，别无异心。”逵曰：“既无异心，何故带兵入城？”彰即时叱退左右，只身入内，拜见曹丕。兄弟二人，相抱大哭。曹彰将本部军马尽交与曹丕。丕令彰回鄢陵自守，彰拜辞而去。于是曹丕安居王位，改建安二十五年为延康元年；封贾诩为太尉，华歆为相国，王朗为御史大夫；大小官僚，尽皆升赏。谥曹操曰武王，葬于邺郡高陵。却说华歆奏曹丕曰：“临淄侯植，萧怀侯熊，二人竟不来奔丧，理当问罪。”丕从之，即分遣二使往二处问罪。不一日，萧怀使者回报：“萧怀侯曹熊惧罪，自谥身死。”丕令厚葬之，追赠萧怀王。曹植入见，惶恐伏拜请罪。丕曰：“吾与汝情虽兄弟，义属君臣，汝安敢恃才蔑礼？吾今限汝行七步吟诗一首。若果能，则免一死；若不能，则从重治罪，决不姑恕！”植行七步，其诗已成。曹丕及群臣皆惊。丕又曰：“七步成章，吾犹以为迟。汝能应声而作诗一首否？”植略不思索，即口占一首曰：“煮豆燃豆萁，豆在釜中泣。本是同根生，相煎何太急！”曹丕闻之，潸然泪下。于是贬曹植为安乡侯。植拜辞上马而去。（第七十九回）就这样，曹丕巩固了他的地位。

“caopibrokeinounresrainedmenaionahenewsleadingacrowdofofficialsofallranks，heprosraedhimselfinheroadenliousideheciyoreceivehisfaher’scoffin；henhehadicarriedoasidechamberofhepacesimafu，aendanoheheirapparen，said，‘hekingofweiisnomore，andheempirerembleswemusinsaehissuccessorassoonaspossibleocalmhemindsofhepeoplewhyareyousimplywailingandweeping？’‘heheirapparenshouldsucceed，’hecourierscried，‘buwihouamandaefromhesonofheaven，wearenofreeoac’chenjiao，miniserofwar，said，‘hekinghasdiedawayfromhecapialifhissonssriveforhesuccession，causingdissensionamonghemselves，hedynasicshrineiselfcouldfall’sosaying，hedrewhisswordandsshedhesleeveofhissurcoahecriedfiercely，‘odaywebegheheirapparenomounhehroneanyofficialopposingwillsufferhefaeofhiscoa’heassemblyshookwihfearhearrivalofhuaxin，whohadriddenaopspeedfromxuchang，causedfreshconsernaionhuaxinsaid，‘ialreadyhaveamandaefromheemperorwihme’hecourierseedlyvoicedheircongrauionshuaxin，afawningfollowerofhehouseofwei，haddrafedandcompelledheemperoroissuehedecree，whichhonoredcaopiaskingofwei，primeminiser，andproecorjizhouhasamedaycaopiassumedhisfaher’sposiionandaccepedhefervenfeliciaionsofhecourinhemidsofhecelebraionfeasiwasreporedhacaozhang，lordofyanling，wasbringinganarmyofonehundredhousandfromchang’aningreaarm，caopiurnedohisadvisers：“myyellowbeardedbroherhasalwaysbeenwillfulandheknowshemarialarswellforhimocomesofarwihroopsmeanshewansoconeshekingshipofweiwhaisobedone？”belowhedaisamancameforwardandsaid，“lemegooseehelordofyanlingicanurnhimaroundwihafewwords”(chaper78)hemanwhovoluneeredosopcaozhang’sonsughwasimperialofficerfirsgradejiakuidelighedcaopiorderedhimogoomeehisbroherzhanghefirsquesioncaozhangpuoheofficerwas，“whereisheeking’sseal？”wihadignifiedexpressionjiakuireplied，“everyfamilyhasiseldes；everysaehasisappoinedheiriisnoappropriaeforyourlordshipoinquireabouheeking’ssealhasyourlordshipcomeoaendhefuneraloroconeshesuccession？”“forheservicesonly，”caozhangreplied“ihavenohosileinenions”“inhacase，”respondedjiakui，“whyhaveyoubroughanarmy？”caozhangdismissedhisguardandeneredhepacealonehepaidhisrespecsocaopi，andhebrohersembracedandwepcaozhangurnedhisarmedforceoverocaopi，whoorderedhisbroheroreurnoyanlingandguardicaozhangookhisleaveanddepared

caopiwasnowsecureonhehronehechangedhereignyearfromjianan25oyankang1(ad220)

hemadejiaxuhisgrandcommandan，huaxinhisprimeminiser，andwangnghischiefcensorheenirecourwasgivenpromoionsandrewardscaocao，poshumouslyiledkingwu，wasinerredagaolinginyehuaxinpeiionedcaopi：“caozhi，lordoflinzi，andcaoxiong，lordofxiaohuai，havenoaendedhefuneralandshouldbecalledoaccoun”caopiapprovedhesuggesionandsenmessengersoeachodemandexpnaionswihinadayherewasananswerfromxiaohuai：“caoxiong，lordofxiaohuai，hashangedhimselfforfearofgivingoffense”caopiorderedhisbroherburiedwihhonorsandposhumouslyiledkingofxiaohuaisoonafer，caozhicamebeforecaopiandanxiouslyprosraedhimself，beggingforgivenessforhisoffenses“alhoughinprivaesenimenwearebrohers，”pisaid，“inpublicresponsibiliieswearelordandvassalhowdareyoupresumeuponyouralensoseanaughheformaliiesofhisreionship？hereismychallenge：walksevenpacesandmakeapoembeforeyoufinish

ifyousucceed，iwillspareyourlife；ifno，youroffenseswillbeheavilypunishedwihouheslighesmiigaioncaozhiooksevensepsandinhaimeproducedapoemcaopiandhiscourwereasonishedacaozhi’sperformance“sill，”pisaid，“sevenpacesakessomeimecanyoucreaeapoemonamomen’snoice？”wihoupausingoreflec，caozhispokeheselines：beanssimmeronabeansalkfmefrominsidehepoexpressedheirire：“alivewesprouedonasingleroo—wha’syourrushocookusonhefire？”caopibursinoearsaccordingly，hereducedcaozhi’sposiionolordofanxiangcaozhihenookhisleaveanddeparedonhorseback(chaper79)hus，caopihasconsolidaedhisposiion

魏王曹丕，自即王位，将文武官僚，尽皆升赏；遂统甲兵三十万，南巡沛国谯县，大飨先茔。人报大将军夏侯罥病危，丕即还邺郡。时罥已卒，丕为挂孝，以厚礼殡葬，”表明他对老臣、忠臣的敬重。于是，华歆、王朗等四十余人，直入内殿，来奏汉献帝，请禅位于魏王曹丕。帝颤罥不已。只见阶下披甲持戈数百余人，皆是魏兵。帝泣谓群臣曰：“朕愿将天下禅于魏王，幸留残喘，以终天年。”帝只得令陈群草禅国之诏，令华歆赍捧诏玺，引百官直至魏王宫献纳。曹丕接诏欣喜，谓贾诩曰：“虽二次有诏，然终恐天下后世，不免篡窃之名也。”诩曰：“此事极易：可再命张音赍回玺绶，却教华歆令汉帝筑一坛，名‘受禅坛’，择吉日良辰，集大小公卿，尽到坛下，令天子亲奉玺受，禅天下与王，便可以释群疑而绝众议矣。”至期，献帝请魏王曹丕登坛受禅，坛下集大小官僚四百余员，御林虎贲禁军三十余万，帝亲捧玉玺奉曹丕。丕受之。坛下群臣跪听。“读册已毕，魏王曹丕即受八般大礼，登了帝位。贾诩引大小官僚朝于坛下。改延康元年为黄初元年。国号大魏。丕即传旨，大赦天下。谥父曹操为太祖武皇帝。丕降旨封帝为山阳公，即日便行。”（第八十回）

caopi，kingofweisinceassuminghisfaher’shrone，promoedandrewardedallhiscivilandmiliaryofficialsnex，heledhreehundredhousandarmoredroopsonasouhernourofqiaocounyinhefiefofpei，whereheheldamagnificenfeasaheancesralgravesduringhefesiviies，however，regenmarshalxiahoudunwasreporedobeill，andcaopireurnedearlyoyebyheimehearrived，hefamousgeneralhadalreadydiedcaopiweninomourningandarrangedaburialofhemoseboraeceremonyforheeregenmarshal，”showinghisrespecforheoldandloyalvassalsfollowinghis，adelegaionofmorehanforycivilandmiliaryofficials—includinghuaxin，wangng，ecwendireclyinoheimperialchamberopeiionemperorxianoyieldhehroocaopi，kingofweiheemperorshookviolenlyahebaseofhesairsleadingohishroneallhecouldseewerehundredsofarmedmenofweiearfully，heemperoraddressedheassembge：‘weinendheresolemnlyoabdicaeourrule，ransferringallunderheavenohekingofweikindlysparewhabreahsillremainsome，haimayliveoumynauralyears’heemperorhadnochoiceheorderedchenqunodrafheedic；nex，heorderedhuaxinoreceivehedocumenandheimperiasealandhenobringhewholecouroheking’spaceomakeheriualpresenaioncaopiaccepedheedicwihdelighurningojiaxu，hesaid，“despiehissecondedic，isillfearhaheworldaswellasfuuregeneraionswillcondemnheusurpaion”“hereisasimplesoluion，”jiaxureplied“commandzhangyinoakeheedicbackonceagainwihinsrucionsforhuaxinohaveheemperorbuildanalarforaccepanceofheabdicaionhen，onapropiiousday，conveheseniorandjuniorofficialsahefooofhealarandhaveheemperorpersonallyenderhesealasheabdicaeshashouldresolvealldoubsandcheckallcriicism”whenheappoinedimecame，emperorxianinviedcaopi，kingofwei，oascendhealararoundofhebasecluseredavasassembgeoffourhundredofficials，majorandminor，aswellassomehiryhousandwarriorsincludingheroyalguard，heimperialguard，andhepaceguardheemperorheldhejadesealinbohhandsandransferredirespecfullyocaopibelow，heassemblykneeledohearhedecraionofransmissionaferheceremonialreading，caopiundersoodheeighroundinauguraionceremonyandascendedheimperialhronebelowhealarjiaxuledhebodyofofficialsinpayinghomageohenewsovereignheyhenchangedhereignperiodfromyankang，‘prolongedprosperiy，”year1，ohuangchu，“commencemenofheyellow，”year1ofanewdynasycalledgreaweinex，caopiissuedageneralamnesyhegavehisfahercaocaoheposhumousilegreaancesorandaugusmarialemperorcaopidirecedhahehanemperorbehonoredaslordofshanyanganddeparforhwih”(chaper80)

东吴陆逊大破蜀兵于罥亭彝陵之地；黄权被吴兵隔断在江北岸，欲归无路，不得已而降魏。曹丕大喜。他问贾诩：“朕欲一统天下，先取蜀乎？先取吴乎？”诩曰：“以臣观之，诸将之中，皆无孙权、刘备敌手。虽以陛下天威临之，亦未见万全之势也。只可持守，以待二国之变。”丕曰：“朕已遣三路大兵伐吴，安有不胜之理？”尚书刘晔曰：“近东吴陆逊，新破蜀兵七十万，上下齐心，更有江湖之阻，不可卒制；陆逊多谋，必有准备。”

丕不从，引兵而去。丕听知三路兵败，乃喟然叹曰：“朕不听贾诩、刘晔之言，果有此败！”“魏调五路大兵，来取四川。”“诸葛亮安居平五路。”（第八十五回）曹丕在位七年，曾三次伐吴，都无功而返，他只是个守业者，没什么大成就。他病逝于黄初七年，享年四十岁。

luxunofhesouhndhaddecisivelybeaenheshuroopsaxiaoingandyilinghuangquanwascuoffbyhesouhernarmyhehadnowayogebackandsurrenderedoweiagainshiswillhispleasedcaopiheaskedjiaxu，“ofulfillmydesireounifyheempire，shouldiakeheshufirsorhesouhnd？”jiaxureplied，“inmyview，nocommandersomachhoseofhesouhorhewes，noevenyouraweinspiringmajesycanensuresuccessbeeromainainadefensiveposiionandwaifornewdevelopmensinhewokingdoms”caopisaid，“hehreepowerfularmieswehavesensouhshouldprevail”however，imperialsecrearyliuyesaid，“recenlyluxunhasdefeaedsevenhundredhousandriverndshesouhernarmyisunifiedinspiriandenjoysheproeciveadvanageofvariousbodiesofwaeriwillbequiedifficulooverpowerhemandluxunisfullofschemesandwillbewellpreparedforus”bucaopiremaineddeerminedoproceedhishreearmiesdefeaed，caopisigheddeeplyandsaid，“hadionlylisenedojiaxuandliuye！”“hekingdomofweihasfieldedfivearmiesinorderoconquersichuan”“zhugeliangcalmlyholdsofffivearmies”(chaper85)caopihasreignedforsevenyearsandsenhisarmyoaackhesouhndhreeimes，andreurnedinvainhehasonlysafeguardedhisheriageandachievednohingimporanhediesofillnessinhesevenhyearofhuangchu，aheageoffory